ESL Beginner Reading Comprehension

This dialogue involves an interview in which a customer speaks about what brands she likes the best. When comparing two brands use the comparative form, but when speaking about many brands use the superlative form to discuss which brand is best or worst. Teachers can use this lesson on the comparative and superlative forms to help practice the form. Practice using this dialogue and then have your own discussions about which types of products you like best. An Interview at the Shopping Mall Interviewer: Good evening, I hope you dont mind answering a few questions. Alice: How long will it take? Interviewer: Just a few questions.​ Alice: I guess I can manage to answer a few questions. Go ahead. Interviewer: Id like to ask your opinion about consumer electronics. As far as consumer electronics is concerned, which is the most reliable brand? Alice: Id say that Samsung is the most reliable brand. Interviewer: Which brand is the most expensive? Alice: Well, Samsung is also the most expensive brand. I guess thats why its the best. Interviewer: Which brand do you think is the worst? Alice: I think LG is the worst. I really cant remember using any of their products that I liked. Interviewer: And which brand is the most popular with young people? Alice: Thats a difficult one to answer for me. I think that Sony is probably the most popular with young people. Interviewer: One last question, Have you tried using any HP products? Alice: No, I havent. Are they good? Interviewer: I enjoy using them. But I didnt stop you to tell you what I think. Thank you for your time. Alice: Not at all. More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Cae Study - 1207 Words

Case Study Liberty University Multicultural Issues in Human Services – HSER 509 Dr. Katz December 2, 2012 CLIENT AND CULTURE In this case study I will explore certain possible dynamics related to culture and ethnicity that have been reported in relation to the psychology of Mexican Americans as well as other immigrant communities. Cristal is a 16-year-old Mexican American female. Cristal seems to be experiencing some distress in her life, which seems to stem from cultural conflict rather than inherent psychopathology. Cristal is struggling with the question of whether she should stay home and care for her mother and family or if she should go away to college. She†¦show more content†¦In her article Siegel states that, â€Å"Incorporating components such as culturally framed trust building (such as pairing youths with mentors), stigma reduction, friendly milieus (such as serving culturally familiar foods and playing music popular with the culture), and services; and peer, family, and community involvement (including use of peer counselors and mentors, hosting parent weekends, and linking clien ts with senior center and community services) are recommended for improving cultural competence†, (Siegel, 2011). By incorporating some of these components into the way I practice and taking these components into mind could hopefully dissolve any limitations or biases that I may hold against any cultures. McBride also states the importance of being well versed in multicultural counseling by saying, â€Å"Counselor educators should also encourage self-reflection of counselor trainees to challenge the biases and assumptions they may hold against minority groups, such as the geriatric population. Self-awareness of biases and stereotypes is imperative when counseling diverse clients. This may be an uncomfortable process and, therefore, may cause some anxiety in both counselor trainees and counselor educators. As a result, some counseling programs may not emphasize self-reflection as much as they should. Therefore, greater emphasis needs to be placed onShow MoreRelatedThe Interna tional School Of English2844 Words   |  12 Pagesclasses, from general English to custom-made professional courses (English for business) as well as exam preparations (FCE, IELTS, CAE). ISE School has different departments within their organization. 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(8 marks) CAE is a comprehensive term used by many industries for the use of computers to design, analyze, and manufacture products and processes. CAE includes CAD and CAM CAD is used for computer modeling and drafting designs while CAM is used for computers for managing manufacturing processes. Advantages of CAE †¢ CAE reduces the error in design and drawing process. †¢ Robustness and performance of components/assemblies can beRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1167 Words   |  5 Pageswith high levels of relapse, hospital admission, and suicide (Gibson, Brand, Burt, Boden, Benson, 2013). A new small-scale study suggests that a type of psychoeducation called Customized Adherence Enhancement (CAE) may increase bipolar medication compliance by up to 25% (Sajatovic et al., 2012). Additional research and large scale studies should be done to determine if CAE can be implemented on a large scale, as this may greatly increase overall medication adherence, thus improving quality of lifeRead MoreInternal Audit and the Relationship with Senior Management Essays1379 Words   |  6 PagesInternal Audit and the Relationship with Senior Management Summary: The case study â€Å"Internal Audit Reporting Relationships: Serving Two Masters† was a part of a series of research projects being developed by the Institute of Internal Auditors to determine the various relationships, specifically reporting relationships between the internal auditor and those charged with governance. To obtain research about the various types of reporting relationships, independence, conflicts that arise fromRead MoreEducation And Training Within The Aviation Industry1635 Words   |  7 Pagessee and experience† the process (Rigby, 2011). In 2013, Japan Airlines selected CAE as its partner for a personalized Multi-Crew Pilot License training program valued at more than $115 million. More than 100 candidates have been selected and approved for flight training through their training program as First Officers for Japan Airlines that includes an Airbus A350 full-flight simulator (Aerospace and defense, 2015). â€Å"CAE is the only company to offer such a broad range of end-to-end solutions on a globalRead MoreBsbrsk5018752 Words   |  36 Pagesevidence for this unit. 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Critical Evaluation of Voluntary Euthanasia Debate †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation of Voluntary Euthanasia Debate. Answer: Introduction: The first point regarding the argument against euthanasia can be justified by citing the fact that there is the availability of alternative treatments like palliative care as well as hospices. In this regard, it can be stated that the terminally ill patient need not be killed for killing the symptoms. The relieving of almost all pain can be done. The second point regading the negative impact of euthanasia is that it is encouraging helpless individuals to end their lives. Euthanasia does the imposing of significant pressures on the elderly as well as individuals having disabilities. These pressures are stemming from families or societies. The third point that coud be cited against euthanasia is that it does the undermining of the encouragement for providing better care in respect of the dying individual (Nolen, 2016). The fourth point that could be cited against euthanasia is that the assumption that the patients should have a right to die will be imposing on the doctors a duty to kill, as a result, limiting the doctors autonomy. The fifth point cited against euthanasia is that a right to die in respect of certain individuals might well be becoming a duty to die by others, especially those who are having vulnerability or having dependency upon others (Campbell, 2016). The sixth point states that to allow euhanasia will be leading to the less effective care regardin the terminally ill, which will be underming the commitment of doctors as well as nurses to protect lives. The seventh point states that to allow euthanasia will be discouraging the process of searching for new cures as well as tretments in respect of the terminally ill. Reference Campbell, D. (2016). Real Control over death: A critical evaluation of the voluntary euthanasia debate management.Australian Rationalist, The,101, 31. Nolen, W. A. (2016). The history of the Dutch euthanasia debate resulting in the Euthanasia law (2002).Bipolar Disorders,18, 38.

Greening Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Greening Organizational Behavior? Answer: Comparison between organizational structures According to Altman et al. (2013), practices, policies, principles and values of an organization develop its culture. That is why; based on different policies and principles, different cultures are formed which are, Normative culture: In this type of organizational culture, procedures of an organization are predefined. Besides, the rules and regulations are developed based on existing guidelines. ragmatic culture: In this type of organizational culture, more focus is put on the clients and external stakeholders. Providing better customer services is the main motive of this type of organizational culture (Andersson et al. 2013). Academy culture: In this culture, organizations recruit skilled individuals and responsibilities of those individuals are set based on background, work experience and educational qualification. Educational organizations such as universities and hospitals practice such a culture. Club culture: Companies that follow this culture are very particular about the employees they hire. Employees are hired as per their specialization, interest and educational qualification. Fortress culture: Employees who work in this organizational culture are not sure about their career and longevity. Employees are easily terminated if they fail to perform according to the demand of the management. Tough person culture: Feedbacks play a major role in this type of organizational culture. Higher authority of organizations who follow this culture regularly review and monitor performances of the employees. Team managers are appointed to converse quarries with the team members and help them to provide guidance when required. Employees in are under continuous surveillance in such a culture (Fisher and To 2012). Bet your company culture: Some organizations like to take higher amount of risk where consequences are unanticipated. These organizations mostly follow bet your company culture. The rules and regulations of such organization are formulated to address susceptible issues. Therefore, it takes time to cultivate positive results in these types of organizations. Process culture: According to McShane and Von Glinow (2012), employees in this type of organizational culture stick to the methods and procedures of that organization. In these type of organizational culture feedbacks and presentation reviews do not matter. Employees are forced to follow rules and regulations. They are also forced to follow the ideologies of the workplace. Organizational structure According to Morgeson et al. (2013), there are seven types of organizational structures which are here by mentioned below, Line organization: In this type of organizational structures, direct and vertical relationships between different levels of the firm are seen. Advantage: It promotes faster decision-making and this structure is simple to understand. Disadvantage: This structure denies specialists in planning and it overloads key persons. Functional authority organizational structure: Jobs in this type of organizational structure are divided as line position and staff position. Line position is a chain of command that stays responsible for the achievement of a companys goal. On the other hand, staff position is intended to provide expertise, advice and support for the line position (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Line and staff organizational culture: Most of the large companies have direct and vertical relationship among different levels. They also have specialists accountable for advising and assisting line managers. Divisional organizational structure: In this type of organizational structure, different factors influence its departments, which are function, geographic, product, combination approach and project. Project organizational structure: These types of organizations are temporary and are designed to gain particular results by using teams of specialists from dissimilar functional areas. Here work is defined by a particular goal and target date for completion. Matrix organizational structure: This type of organizations is permanent in nature and uses a horizontal set of divisions and reporting relationships onto a hierarchical functional structure. Hybrid organizational structure: In this type of organizational structure, corporate and divisional goals are aligned together to reach functional and operational efficiency. Adaptability and flexibility are the biggest advantages of this type of organizational structure ((Nahavandi et al. 2013). Relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business Organizational structure and culture are the most important elements that help a company to achieve their marketing goals and targets (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). If a company operates by concentrating on these aspects, it is obvious that it will attract more customers. Organizational culture helps to develop organizational structure, which in turn influences a firms capability to apply required alteration efficiently. Organizational culture describes the way workers entire task interrelates with each other in the association. The cultural model includes a variety of values, beliefs, rituals, and symbols that govern the working style of the people in the company (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). It can be said that corporate culture binds the workforce together which in turn helps the company to find the proper direction. On the other hand, organizational structure helps the employees to work without stress and pressure. As it is discussed earlier that organizational s tructure is responsible for employee motivation and employee motivation in turn drives the employees to perform their best, there is no doubt that a good structure serves to provide better performance in an organization. Factors which influence the behavior of individuals in an organization The most important factors influencing behavior of a person in an association are leadership strategies of managers, work culture, job responsibilities, efficient communication and relationship at work (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Managers or leaders of a company must always help and guide their team members in their day-to-day operations. It is observed that employees do not feel like going to work if their bosses are strict. On the other hand, if the work place offers same rules and regulation for every employee and offers a comfortable and positive work culture, employees will be encouraged. If employees are allowed to do what best they can perform, it will encourage them to upgrade their skills time to time. Effective communication between managers and employees also cultivates great results while influencing ones behavior. If managers and leaders of a company do not communicate regularly with their employees, they will feel left out and will lose their interest in work . Mangers must consult with his employees before taking any major or even minor decision. When employees will be allowed to share their views and problems with the higher authority, they will understand that the company is thinking about them and they will feel encouraged. Besides, it is important to have friends at the workplace. An individual needs people around him to talk, discuss and share experiences. It is not possible to work in isolation. If a company does not allow its employees to interact with fellow workers, it will create stress at workplace. To, Mr. Smith The Director Scoops n Smiles Ltd., Subject: Leadership strategy in your organization Respected Sir, This letter is to notify about the leadership strategy which is followed in your organization and the possible impacts of it. Your organization strictly follows an autocratic leadership style because the views and suggestions of the employees are kept unnoticed at the time of making any decision. This decision-making style is also known as authority decision making style in which the higher authority solely decides what to do without considering the needs of the employees. From the background of some successful organizations, it can be said that authoritative decision-making can cause severe damage to your organization. It is strongly recommended that Scoops n Smiles should follow a democratic or participative decision-making style to collect the comments of their employees. Steve Jobs was once forced to resign from Apple as he became an autocratic leader and started to take decisions on his own. At that time Apple experienced their worst time in the industry as the company lost the trust and loyalty of its employees. Later Steve Jobs came back to the company after ten years with a new strategy, which was the participative leadership strategy. He hired and allowed other leaders of the company such as Jonathan Ivy and Tim Cook to take some major decisions. He also communicated with the employees to note down their thoughts before making any decision. As a result, Apple has become one of the most successful organizations in the world. There are some other management styles which are commonly used in various organizations according to their targets and goals. Some of those management styles are hereby discussed so that authority of Scoops n Smiles can pick the perfect management styles for their organization. Democratic or participative style of management is already discussed. Besides, democratic style, some famous management styles are Directive management style, Affiliative management style, Pacesetting management styles and Coaching. Directive management style allows the manager to control the employees closely by implementing several disciplines and threats to motivate them. This management style is activated when the organization is going through a crisis and any deviation is risky. When employees of an organization are not well developed, this management style threatens them to improve their working style. On the other hand, affiliative management style serves to establish harmony among the employees and bet ween managers and employees. This management styles helps the authority to avoid conflicts among the employees while keeping a good personal relationship within the organization. This management style is used with other management styles for counseling and helping the employees so that they can implement their own styles to complete a work. Pacesetting management style has the objective of accomplishing tasks with a higher standard of excellence. The manager of a company where this management style is followed performs many tasks personally and asks the employees to follow his example. This management styles is activated when employees are highly motivated and competent, no direction and coordination is required to show the right way to the employees. However, this management style is not welcomed in an organization where workload requires assistance from others and employees need coaching and coordination. Another management style is coaching that follows the lead of the development manager of an organization. This style helps the employees to develop their strengths and improve their performances. It is recommended that, according to the goals and objectives of Scoops n Smiles Ltd., senior authorities can choose any of these management styles to grow their business in the near future. However, using autocratic management style will not help the organization as it will discourage the employees which will hamper the overall performance. Yours Faithfully, (Name of the Student) Organizational theories Scientific management: This management theory is also known as Taylorism and it serves to analyze and synthesize workflows. According to Powell and DiMaggio (2012), main objectives of scientific management are to enhance economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. The biggest advantage of scientific management would be figuring out how much time it would take to complete a task by the employees. If the calculated time is much more than expected time then amount of time can be decreased by removing any potential waste in the workers process. Time studies in this theory involve breaking down each job into sub parts, timing each element and rearranging the parts in to the most efficient method of working. Human relations approach: Experts of human relations tried to combine psychology and sociology with management. According to Andersson, Jackson and Russell (2013), an organization can be called as a social system of interpersonal and inter group relationship. That is when human relations approach was introduced that includes some principles such as, Human beings are not only interested in financial gains but they also wants recognition and approval. Each worker must be treated as normal human being as they are not machines. Therefore, higher authorities must try to understand their feelings. In any organization, workers do not like inner conflicts; therefore, managers should try to avoid supervision and should have control over workers. Administrative theory: This theory works to figure out a lucid way to design an organization as a whole. This theory develops a dignified administrative structure, a clear division of workers and allocation of power and influence to administrators. Fourteen principles of this theory are division of work, discipline, unity of direction, authority, subordination of individual interests to genera interest, unity of command, centralization, order, remuneration, scalar chain, initiative, equity, esprit de corps, and stability of tenure of personnel. Use of scientific management The best example of an organization that has gained success after using scientific management is Burger King. Training, reward systems including a stable work environment has improved the efficiency of the employees of Burger King. Regular monitoring of performance has helped the organization to avoid under working. It have also helped to standardize job activities. Use of human relations approach Human resource managements of an organization use human relation approaches to keep the motivation of the employees at high. Different organization use different approaches such as some of the organizations implement incentives and bonuses for the employees who perform properly. Some organizations provide non-financial rewards such as holidays, transports and health checkups. Use of administrative theory Administrative manager are the senior managers and leads of an organization that are responsible for making information flow and decision-making. They make sure that the system is running properly and in effective manner. Administrative management theory provides importance to formal organizations by using five major functions which are planning, coordinating, organizing, controlling and commanding (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Understanding the ways of using motivational theories in the Organization Discussing the impact of different leadership style on motivation in the organization in the period of change Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (2013) have stated that leadership is the link through which an individual manipulates the activities of other persons in an association. Therefore, different leadership styles automatically leave an impact on the employee motivation in the organization in the period of change. Autocratic Leadership: This autocratic leadership style is one that leaders have absolute power over their workers or the team. These types of leaders instruct the people what to do rather than asking for the opinions of the employees. Some of the organizations use autocratic leadership styles, as the nature of the business demands this leadership style (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Democratic Leadership: Daily, Bishop and Maynard-Patrick (2013) have said that the democratic leaders make the last decision and in the entire decision-making process, encourage all the employees to take part. It has been seen that this leadership style is accepted, as it helps to boost job satisfaction of the employees by involving all the team members. Laissez-faire leadership: This style states where the managers observe that all the members in the organization are working on their own. It has been seen that most of the organizations in the present day work under laissez-faire leadership approach, where the employees enjoy the power and at the same time they determine the goals and the objectives in a short time basis (Fisher and To 2012). Comparing the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Fox et al. (2012) has said that motivation theories can be classified extensively into two different viewpoints and they are content theories and motivation theories. It has been found that content theories give importance on what motivates individually and on the other hand, process theories shed focus on the real process of motivation. McShane and Von Glinow (2012) have stated that motivation is one of the complex factors that is influenced by withdrawals as well as reinforced by the multiple factors. Maslow has put forward a theory that states that there are five levels of human needs that the employees are required to fulfill at work. In contrast, Herzbergs theory proposes that there are two essential needs of each person including hygiene factors and motivation factor. Therefore, it can be said that some of the differences exist in the motivational theories within the workplace and these have been explained herein detail (Moore et al. 2012). Effectiveness of the motivational theory for the managers in the real life Morgeson et al. (2013) has said that motivation is to encourage the employees in the workplace to work properly and independently in order to get the best result. It can be said that the employees in the organization are required to be treated with proper assiduousness and the managers have to stay friendly and at the same time is required to maintain a level of distance with the staffs. The staffs look at the managers as leaders and thus the employees expect maturity, understanding and rationality from the managers. Nahavandi et al. (2013) have stated that some of the common practices like calling people by their first name, chatting with them, bringing the feelings of belongingness helps a lot to create a smooth relationship among the managers and the employees (Nelson and Quick 2012) Understanding mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in the organizations Explanation of the nature of groups and the behavior of the groups within an organization Pentland and Hrem (2015) have declared that, there are two types of teams in organizations and they are the formal group and informal group. It is important to mention that a group in the organization passes through five major lifestyle stages and they are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Therefore, it can be easily said that the members of a team can be easily measured through these five stages. Forming states the first entry of the member to the team, the norming stage is a point when the team begins to come in collaboration as a corresponding unit. Performing stage defines the appearance of a mature, structured and well-functioning team. Adjourning stage is specifically significant for the transitory teams. Therefore, it is no doubt for saying that all the teams act separately in the organization (Spector and Meier 2014). Discussing the factors that promote and slow down the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Factors promoting the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Diversity: Symon and Cassell (2012) have stated that an effective team welcomes a diversity of culture along with talents and personalities. Diversity has the potentiality to promote creativity and innovation and at the same time raises awareness and respect for others. Communication: Tyler (2014) has explained that effective teamwork is largely facilitated by a clear as well as an open communication and thus all the team members are required to be aligned to the targets, timelines and responsibilities of the organization. Leadership: Effective leadership supports a powerful teamwork and all the team members benefit from several sources of inspiration and direction. Powerful leadership helps the organization to achieve success easily in most of the organizations (Vivek 2016). Factors slowing down the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Underprivileged Communication: Poor communication is one of the barriers of developing a work atmosphere. Weick (2012) has said that the team members who do not communicate properly in the organization can create breakdown, which most of the times inhibit team development. Uncertain Goals: A work team is created to achieve organizational goals and objectives and thus the goals and the objectives are required to be created properly. If the goals are not presented properly by the management, then the team cannot work properly to achieve the desired result. Lack of Managerial involvement: Morgeson et al. (2013) has said that managers in the company are responsible to make a qualified staff members and lack of this capacity hampers the growth of the organization. Management must not delegate responsibility and thus must work as a source of teamwork to the team members of the organization. An evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning Fox et al. (2012) has said that technology has enhanced the communication within the team members and communication assists in creating better team. Morgeson et al. (2013) have mentioned some of the impacts of technology on the team functioning and they are as follows. Better Communication: Technology has helped in the enhancing of team building, and of lately all the employees in the organization stay connected with each other in the organization. Business Strategies: McShane and Von Glinown (2012) has stated that technologies help the group members for making improved business strategies and the appearance of IT technology has provided several innovative chances to the group members of the organization. Better organizational culture: Technology has helped in building better organizational culture and in most of the organizations, organizational culture is advanced by keeping open communication within the team members. Efficient Productivity: Nahavandi et al. (2013) have stated that utilization of technology is the center of every industry. All the organizations are required to focus on proper blending of conventional skills and the application of information technology for improving the entire efficiency in the organization. Management Process: It has been found that technologies in the present day are helping the team of an organization to maintain some important tasks like preserving database, business via online media and market surveys. These activities are executed more competently in a short time with the use of technology (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Therefore, it can be stated that technology has been gradually leaving a strong impact on team performance of the organizations. References Altman, S., Valenzi, E. and Hodgetts, R.M., 2013.Organizational behavior: Theory and practice. Elsevier. Andersson, L., Jackson, S.E. and Russell, S.V., 2013. Greening organizational behavior: An introduction to the special issue.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.151-155. Daily, B.F., Bishop, J.W. and Maynard-Patrick, S., 2013. Practicing What We Teach: Applying Organizational Behavior Theory to Academic Success.Journal of Managerial Issues,25(1), p.8. Fisher, C.D. and To, M.L., 2012. Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7), pp.865-877. Fox, S., Spector, P.E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K. and Kessler, S.R., 2012. The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85(1), pp.199-220. McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M., 2012.Organizational behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Moore, C., Detert, J.R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V.L. and Mayer, D.M., 2012. Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.1-48. Morgeson, F.P., Aguinis, H., Waldman, D.A. and Siegel, D.S., 2013. Extending corporate social responsibility research to the human resource management and organizational behavior domains: A look to the future.Personnel Psychology,66(4), pp.805-824. Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013.Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications. Nel, P., du Plessis, A., Fazey, M., Erwee, R., Pillay, S., Mackinnon, B.H., Wordsworth, R. and Millet, B., 2012. Human resource management in Australia and New Zealand. Nelson, D. and Quick, J., 2012.Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Cengage Learning. Pentland, B.T. and Hrem, T., 2015. Organizational Routines as Patterns of Action: Implications for Organizational Behavior.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,2(1), pp.465-487. Powell, W.W. and DiMaggio, P.J. eds., 2012.The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. University of Chicago Press. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013.Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Rurkkhum, Suthinee, and Kenneth R. Bartlett. "The relationship between employee engagement and organizational citizenship behaviour in Thailand."Human Resource Development International15, no. 2 (2012): 157-174. Spector, P.E. and Meier, L.L., 2014. Methodologies for the study of organizational behavior processes: How to find your keys in the dark.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(8), pp.1109-1119. Symon, G. and Cassell, C. eds., 2012.Qualitative organizational research: core methods and current challenges. Sage. Thomson, K. and van Niekerk, J., 2012. Combating information security apathy by encouraging prosocial organisational behaviour.Information Management Computer Security,20(1), pp.39-46. Tyler, T., 2014. Interpersonal treatment, social identity, and organizational behavior.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice, p.155. van Dijke, M., De Cremer, D., Mayer, D.M. and Van Quaquebeke, N., 2012. When does procedural fairness promote organizational citizenship behavior? Integrating empowering leadership types in relational justice models.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,117(2), pp.235-248. Vivek, S.A., 2016. Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Managerial Effectiveness.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,9(2), pp.7-18. Weick, K.E., 2012.Making sense of the organization, Volume 2: The impermanent organization(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons.

Midsummer Nights Dreams Essays - A Midsummer Nights Dream, Hermia

Midsummer Nights Dreams A Midsummer Night's Dream was written in 16th century England. In 1595, life was as you can imagine very different. During this period Queen Elizabeth I was at the throne. England was a Christian country and people greatly honoured the queen. Shakespeare was Elizabeth I's poet laureate, so his work was highly valued across England. Women were treated as second-class citizens. In lower class families, girls were not usually educated. They were expected to do domestic jobs and look after children. In the upper class homes things were different. Girls were educated but they did not have free opinion. Women did not have any rights; they had no choice in what they did with their lives or whom they married. The father of the girl would choose a suitor for her (usually being the wealthiest man available) and she was expected to marry him. In theatre, men would play the part of women. The Elizabethans strongly believed in the supernatural. Few aspects of sixteenth century life were not affected by the belief of witchcraft. Fairies and sorcerers as being real. Magic was not as we see it today; things that young children believe, but as compelling and real. Their beliefs in god were very much related to those of witches and demons. If you had sinned, people believed you had the devil in you. In a Midsummer Night's Dream, different plots are linked to form a comical play based around magic and love. The play is set in an enchanting forest amongst the cowslips; hidden deep in the wood is the fairy kingdom. I personally think that Shakespeare was very clever in how he devised ?A Midsummer Night's Dream,' as he has three very good elements of entertainment; love, magic and comedy represented with different stories and characters. The Lovers represent the effects and powers of love. Hermia is prepared to give her life up for the man she loves. In a way, Shakespeare has adopted a modern view of things, as Hermia's character is not one of a ?typical' Elizabethan woman. She is a fiery young lady, determined to be with the man she loves. Lysander and Hermia have a good, strong relationship. Helena dotes upon Demetrius, but her ?love' is not real love, like Hermia's, it is more of an infatuated love. This contrast of being in real love and being blinded by love, very much makes you think and if you were in a relationship you would think twice about your feelings after watching the play. The Workmen are all very simple characters, named according to their personality. They have been implanted in the play to add humour and some lighthearted entertainment from the more serious issues within the play. Bottom, in particular, is used to cause fun and drama. The fairies make the play magical and exciting; Puck is a mischievous, cunning young fairy that likes to play tricks on mortals. Some of his speeches contain repetition for example: 396 Puck: ?Up and down, up and down, I will lead them up and down. I am fear'd in field and town; Goblin, lead them up and down...' Repetition has made this speech into a song/chant; this makes the speech ?magical' and ?fun'. The use of repletion and rhyme by Puck at the end of this scene is used to create a poetic country atmosphere. In which the natural world is described well. The fairy scenes are very entertaining. The language is in the way, Titania's ironical words to bottom. 144 Titania: ?Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful.' It is ironic that Titania is saying this, because Bottom is clearly nothing close to beautiful. There is sense of suspense present in Act 3, Scene 1. Titania is asleep on the stage, the person she first sets her eyes upon when she awakens will be the one she falls in love with. On the stage are the workmen. This suspense makes the play exciting. The lovers are very much more involved in the dramatic side of the production, with their arguments, Shakespeare uses alliteration to create a dreamy, romantic, magical atmosphere. For instance: 435 Hermia: ?And sleep, that sometimes shuts up sorrow's eye, Steal me awhile from mine own company' The use of alliteration emphasises what Hermia is talking about, making her words more memorable. The plot is very clever, although it relies on coincidence. The fairies' costumes would have been spectacular and dazzling. The workmen would be dressed in rags and the lovers and court in very smart, rich garments. The

Essay eth 501 mod 4

Essay eth 501 mod 4 Essay eth 501 mod 4 Benefits of Corporate Responsibility and Business Ethics ETH501 Business Ethics Module 4 Case 4 Trident University Abstract The terms "business ethics" and "corporate social responsibility" are used differently by various organizations, companies and media. Other related terms include: sustainability, governance, corporate responsibility, stakeholder engagement, corporate citizenship, and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. All of these terms relate to how a company or organization interacts with a various stakeholders including shareholders, employees, the environment, civil society and the community in general. "business ethics" it relates to the conduct of an organization with its internal stakeholders and business partners. Business ethics deals with how ethical issues are addressed within the culture of the organization. Corporate Social Responsibility refers specifically to relationships with external stakeholders such as representatives of the community and environment and often relates to businesses role in society. Business ethics and social responsibility are two concepts many individuals believe go hand in hand for companies in the business environment. Business ethics are the moral principles a company uses to ensure all employees act in an acceptable manner when completing business functions. Social responsibility is typically an ideological theory that governments and the general public hold, believing that businesses should not conduct themselves in a manner counter to cultural or societal norms. The marriage of these concepts occurs when companies institute a written code of ethics to prove that the company only acts in its best interest so long as it does not damage the company’s social responsibility. Ethics can mean many things to different individuals and businesses. What one business deems as acceptable behavior, another may see as unethical or inappropriate. While many different types of ethics exist, the common good approach most closely connects business ethics and social responsibility. Common good ethics is a Greek philosophy that says that all individuals should follow or use the ethical traits that do the most to advance the common good of society. While this ethical approach can apply to different regions or nations, a basic set of ethical traits include honesty, integrity, transparency, and accountability. These traits ensure that owners, managers, and employees do not act in their own self interest, but uphold societal values as the guiding force for the company’s operations. Large organizations and publicly held companies often use corporate governance to promote business ethics and social responsibility. This governance creates the framework of policies, procedures, and guidelines for all individuals financially invested in a company. Outside stakeholders who do not have an investment can also benefit from corporate governance. Large organizations and publicly held companies typically face more scrutiny pertaining to business ethics s ince they command large portions of a region or nation’s economic resources. These companies must try to provide benefits to local communities and increase the living standards of as many people as possible, and they must be careful not pollute the surrounding environment. While business ethics certainly play an important role in the business environment, it is possible for governments and individuals to demand too much social responsibility from companies. While companies should not abuse or misuse natural and economic resources, companies cannot pay for all the needs or wants of individuals. Some governments, individuals, or special interest groups can try to force companies into paying more money to improve society than the company can afford. This can result in lower business profits and the inability to pay for future, more

Branding Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Branding Marketing - Essay Example There is also the suggestion that the environments without harsh government restrictions like the U.S. market have been the avenues to favor the success of entrance of the new brands. The section has reviewed the history of the beer market and the current trends in the consumption that aid the progress of the Monterrey Beer product. Competitive Analysis The section has clearly mentioned the other products that offer competition to Monterrey Brewing Company. With the inclusion of the market share in the leading products, there is the realization of the scope of marketing need to advertise the product. The author has further compared the available brands of the advertised product to the competitors, which offer the needed analysis in the consumer trend. The competitors have been listed with the leading brand and the marketing strategy that they apply to gain the needed profit. The author should construct a table to compare the measures to be applied by Monterrey in advertising to be co mpared to the leading brands. With a chronological list of the brands within a table that accords comparison, the author is able to convince the target of the relationship of the brand with the competitors, and the needed measures for proper marketing (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2012). However, there is a detailed account of the competitors and their prevalence within the market giving Monterrey an adequate position. Brand Strategic Plan Vision The vision of the beer holds all the components required for adequate marketing with the flavor included and the motive of the brand to consumers. However, the vision should mention the performance of the established brand as compared to the known beers. The phrase should include the provision of the Monterrey to offer the realized satisfaction as compared to the known brands in the market. Objectives The objective clearly outlines the motive of the company to enter into the competitive market with the two leading brands in Ale and Ginger Light. The author further lists the objective to strengthen relations in the market to the consumers by offering satisfaction. Strategies The 4Ps are accorded the needed definition to offer the proper marketing strategy in the market. The author gives detailed description of the product that is needed to accord the identity and distinction from the other brands. The mention of the pricing and the communication measures to be applied has been properly mentioned with Monterrey as a new product. The author has captured the section in detail, and this has completed the needed instructions to complete the strategy section to offer evidence of the marketing provision. Target Customer Segmentation Analysis The section contains the necessary information on the consumer demographic but the author should offer the listing on a table format. This is because tables are easier to interpret and allow for the analysis of the market condition with the changes made with market fluctuation. The author also issues explanation on the consumption trend that is affected with the existence of product variety. Consumer Insight The author has included the needed measures to communicate with the consumers. The strategy to include the updated communication channels for advertising and connection to the customers prove ideal in the modern society. Growth of new products within the market is supported by the application of modernized measures in connecting to the consumers that are faster and cheaper. Brand Essence The author has included the steps applied in manufacturing the finalized product to create assurance to the consumers of the product utilized. The Brand Essence section has been accorded the description to show the professionalism of the company and their ability to compete

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan - Essay Example For the first six months the Japanese advance was virtually invincible: Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, Java and the Indies, the Philippines, Burma and the Andaman Islands, New Britain and the Solomons all fell to Japanese arms. However, a grave miscalculation of the spirit and resources of the nation's principal enemies had been committed by the Japanese leaders. Allied submarines, US island-hopping strategy and superior fire-power led to a reversal of Japan's position. From mid-1944 the fate turned against Japan. By mid-1945 military collapse was about to happen. When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the summer of 1945, a complete collapse of the empire and surrender ensued. A military occupation, chiefly by US forces, lasted from 1945 to 1952. In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution under US direction, renouncing war, granting basic human rights, and declaring Japan a democracy (O'Brien, 2000). US General Douglas MacArthur represented all the Allies in Japan after its defeat, but the occupation was nevertheless an almost exclusively US undertaking and to a very great extent MacArthur took his own decisions, without direct reference to Washington. He rejected the view that the Japanese would be better off without the age-old institution of the monarchy.

Employee Voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Voice - Essay Example This calls for change in organizations’ strategies to enable the organization to respond to the changes in a timely and flexible manner. To achieve this, an organization needs to gain workforce commitment by enabling them to have a voice on matters that affect them. Employees have, therefore, been empowered through involvement and participation in organization decision making process by the use of direct or indirect voice mechanisms. The paper will discuss the employee voice mechanisms in use today and the outcome of such mechanisms for workers. The employee voice literature began with Hirschman in the 1970s and was further popularised by Freeman and Medoff in the 1980s. Dundon et al (2005) views employee voice as an articulation of individual dissatisfaction, expression of collective organization, contribution to decision making, and mutuality. To articulate dissatisfaction, an individual has only two options according to Hirschman’s exit-voice theory; he can decide to exit or stay and fight from within by voicing his concerns. Hirschman (1970:30) therefore refers to voice as ‘any attempt at all to change rather than escape from an objectionable state of affairs whether through individual or collective petition to management’. ... The role of management is to provide voice mechanisms for workers so as to air their opinions. Freeman and Medoff (1984) built on Hirschman’s theory of exit-voice to emphasize the importance of having a collective voice in organizations especially through trade unions. This form of voice mechanism entails negotiations between employees and employer through the union and has many advantages. The union helps to reduce exits hence retention of qualified staff thus minimising on hiring and training costs. The employment contracts negotiated through collective bargaining also protects the employees’ interests thus enhancing cooperation and job security. The union can also assist the management in introduction of new work practices thus minimising resistance to change (Bennett & Kaufman, 2007). However, unions also can manage to force the organization to increase wages above competitive levels hence a loss to the company. Moreover, most of the workers organized in unions are dissatisfied with their jobs since the union leaders raise their job outcome expectations beyond what is realistic. According to Rose (2007), there is increased decline in unionisation as new sectors emerge hence making unions unrepresentative of employee voice. Many organizations are non-unionized and apply alternative voice mechanisms such as communication, training and development, attitude surveys, financial participation, and quality circles. However, employee voice is driven by various factors. The availability of voice mechanisms in the organization is a key driver of voice as employees can utilise various means to air their grievances but management support is required. For example, the management can put up suggestion boxes to get their opinions and adopt a culture of

Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay

Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay (28) Karalis et al in 2008 discussed the issues in the conference involved physiological factors affecting drug absorption, the role of pre-systemic effects on bioavailability (BA), the impact of variability in bioequivalence (BE) studies, and a final closing panel session on unresolved issues in BA/BE regulations. Several important aspects of drug absorption were highlighted. It was presented how the complexity of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and the site dependent absorption can impact on drug BA. Similarly, the effects of food and formulation were also studied. The second session focused on integrating the complexities of GI into modeling the inter-individual variability of absorption and the prediction of first-pass metabolism from in-vitro data. The necessity to measure metabolites, the value of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), and the more recently proposed Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) were assessed as well. This session clo sed with presentations of pharmacokinetic software delegates. In the second day of the conference, the problem of high intra-subject variability in BE studies was analyzed. Study design considerations, the use of multiple-dose studies and the role of statistics in BE were also highlighted. Finally, the current thinking of regulatory authorities (EMEA and US-FDA) was presented. The conference closed with a last session on unresolved issues in the regulatory level. EXPERIMENTAL Tablets are the most popular dosage forms of Pharmaceutical product. A typical tablet formulation consists of the Active Pharmaceutical ingredient(s), fillersdisintigrant, lubricant and other inactive ingredients (e.g. binder, glidant and colors) a formulation scientist must conduct a thorough both to optimize a formulation so that it meets all specification and to ensure safety and efficacy. The specification for pharmaceutical tablets usually include appearance, weight, uniformity of contant, diameter, Thickness, friability, dissolution, disintegration, Hardness, Assay, Organolaptic character other product specific requirements. These specifications are established to ensure that the tablets will have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand packaging, shipping and handling and are physically and chemically stable to deliver the accurate amount of drug at the desired dissolution rate when consumed by the patient. Any changes in these characteristics may significantly affect the safety and efficacy of the product. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD Direct compression is a preferred manufacturing process for pharmaceutical tablets, according to survey conducted by Shangraw and Demarest. In this study Amlodipine besylate was directly compressed by using three different formulation i.e. with different diluent,bibder,filler,disintigrant and lubricant.In this study we were not only study the biowaivers effect of different marketed brands and formulation of Amlodipine Besylate but also manufactured and developed three different formulation by reducind the cost and increased quality perspects. MATERIAL AND METHOD CHEMICALS. COMPOSITION OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE TABLETS. FORMULATION NO.1 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 102 47 47 4.7 3 Starch Pregelitinized 47.75 47.75 4.775 4 Magnesium stearate 0.25 0.25 0.025 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active FORMULATION NO.2 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 101 47 47 4.7 3 Avecil 102 47 47 4.7 4 Magnesium stearate 1 1 0.1 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active FORMULATION NO.3 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 102 49 49 4.9 3 Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous 44 44 4.4 4 Sodium Starch Glycolate 4 4 0.4 5 Magnesium stearate 1 1 0.1 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active EQUIPMENTS Rotary press ( ZP19) Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) Mixer ( polyethylene bag ) Sieve # 20 METHOD Three new formulation of Amlodipine Besylate were developed using three directly compressible agents i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (Avecil 101 and 102), starch pregelatinized and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate in order to check the multi purpose excipients. First active and all excipients were weighed accurately using Sartorious TE 214S, The weighed materials were screened through 20 mesh size sieve and then mixing of powders was performed by geometric dilution method in polythene bag. First active was mixed with diluents by tumbling action and then one by one other ingredients of formulation were mixed together. All the ingredients were thoroughly mixed to ensure uniform distribution of all the ingredients throughout the formulation. Flow chart of manufacturing process Weighing of active and excipients Sieving y 20 mesh size Mixing of active and diluent Addition of other ingredients Addition of lubricant and mixing Tableting PHYSICAL TESTING OF TABLET Amlodipine Besylate tablets were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties by performing different pharmacopoeial test, i.e by official and unofficial tests including tablets weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, Thickness, diameter and content uniformity and results were statistically analyzed and compared with marketed brands of Amlodipine Besylate named as test formulation # 1, test formulation # 2, test formulation # 3 TABLET THICKNESS AND DIAMETER The dimensional specifications of tablets are important for many reasons. The measurement of the thickness and the diameter of a tablet usually accomplished by the use of micrometer (Vernier) calipers. The value is initially employed as in process control during production. UNIFORMITY OF THICKNESS EQUIPMENTS Vernier caliper METHOD Tablet thickness is determined with a caliper or thickness gauge, which measures the thickness in millimeters. In this study, twenty tablets were taken and their thicknesses were determined using vernier caliper. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS A plus or minus 5% standard deviation may be allowed, depending on the size of the tablet.Out of twenty tablets only two tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit. UNIFORMITY OF DIAMETER OF TABLETS EQUIPMENT Vernier caliper METHOD Twenty tablets were taken and their diameters were determined using vernier caliper. . Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS A deviation of  ±5% from the stated diameter is allowed except that for diameters exceeding 12.5mm the deviation allowed is  ±3%.Out of 20 tablets only 2 tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit. FRIABILITY TEST A certain weight of tablets ,are subjected to a well defined level of agitation in a fixed geometry,closed container for a specific time.They are then again reweighted.The measure of abrasion resistance or FRIABILITYis usually expressed as a percentage loss in weight. EQUIPMENT Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) Friabilator (Erweka Germany) METHOD Preweight samples of 20tablets were taken and subjected to the combined effect of shock abrasion by utilizing the plastic chamber which revolved at 25rpm for 4minutes, droped the tablet at a distance of 6 inches with each revolution. Then the tablets were removed, dedusted and reweighed. LIMITS Values of friability of 0.8 to 1.0% are frequently quoted as the upper level of acceptability for pharmaceutical product. Generally the test is run once. If the results are doubtful for if weight loss is greater than 1% repeats the test twice and determines the mean of the three tests. A maximum weight of 1% of the weight of the tablets to be tested is considered to be acceptable for most products. HARDNESS TEST This test is intended to determined under defined conditions,the resistance to crushing of tablets,measured by the forced needed to disturp them by crushing apparatus.Probably the most widely used technique is testing of crushing strength presisly defined as that compressional force which,when applied diametrically to a tablet,just fractures it. EQUIPMENT Hardness tester (Pharma test) METHOD Twenty tablets of every sample of brands and test formulation were taken and their hardness was determined using Pharma test hardness tester. In this type of tester load is applied at a constant rate by an electric motor. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS Hardness will be measured in kg.Out of twenty tablets; only two tablets are allowed to exceed the limit. DISINTIGRATION TEST FOR TABLETS Disintegration Test determines whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in the liquid medium in the experimental condition prescribed. For compressed uncoated tablets the testing fluid is usually water at 37  °C, but in some cases monographs direct that simulated gastric fluid TS be used. This test is provided to determine whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in a liquid medium under the experimental conditions presented below. For the purposes of this test, disintegration does not imply complete dissolution of the unit or even of its active constituent. Complete disintegration is defined as that State in which any residue of the unit, except fragments of insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining on the screen of the test apparatus or adhering to the lower surface of the discs, if used, is a soft mass having no palpably firm core. Use apparatus A for tablets and capsules that are not greater than 18 mm long. For larger tablets or capsules use apparatus B. APPARATUSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The apparatus consists of a basket-rack assembly, a 1 liter, low-form beaker, 149  ± 11 mm in height and having an inside diameter of 106  ± 9 mm for the immersion fluid, a thermostatic arrangement for heating the fluid between 35  °C and 39  °C, and a device for raising and lowering the basket in the immersion fluid at a constant frequency rate between 29 and 32 cycles per minute, through a distance of 55  ± 2 mm. The volume of the fluid in the vessel is such that at the highest point of the upward stroke the wire mesh remains at least 15 mm below the surface of the fluid, and descends to not less than 25 mm from the bottom of the vessel on the downward stroke. At no time should the top of the basket-rack assembly become submerged. The time required for the upward stroke is equal to the time required for the downward stroke, and the change in stroke direction is a smooth transition, rather than an abrupt reversal of motion. The basket-rack assembly moves vertically along i ts axis. There is no appreciable horizontal motion or movement of the axis from the vertical. BASKET-RACK ASSEMBLYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The basket-rack assembly consists of 6 open-ended transparent tubes, each 77.5  ± 2.5 mm long and having an inside diameter of 21.85  ± 1.15 mm and a wall 1.9  ± 0.9 mm thick; the tubes are held in a vertical position by 2 plates, each 90  ± 2 mm in diameter and 6.75  ± 1.75 mm in thickness, with 6 holes, each 24  ± 2 mm in diameter, equidistant from the centre of the plate and equally spaced from one another. Attached to the under surface of the lower plate is a woven stainless steel wire cloth, which has a plain square weave with 2.0  ± 0.2 mm mesh apertures and with a wire diameter of 0.615  ± 0.045 mm. The parts of the apparatus are assembled and rigidly held by means of 3 bolts passing through the 2 plates. A suitable means is provided to suspend the basket-rack assembly from the raising and lowering device using a point on its axis. The design of the basket-rack assembly may be varied somewhat provided the specifications for the glass tubes and the screen mesh s ize are maintained. The basket-rack assembly conforms to the dimensions. DISCSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The use of discs is permitted only where specified or allowed. Each tube is provided with a cylindrical disc 9.5  ± 0.15 mm thick and 20.7  ± 0.15 mm in diameter. The disc is made of a suitable, transparent plastic material having a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20. 5 parallel 2  ± 0.1 mm holes extend between the ends of the cylinder. One of the holes is centered on the cylindrical axis. The other holes are centered 6  ± 0.2 mm from the axis on imaginary lines perpendicular to the axis and parallel to each other. 4 identical trapezoidal-shaped planes are cut into the wall of the cylinder, nearly perpendicular to the ends of the cylinder. The trapezoidal shape is symmetrical; its parallel sides coincide with the ends of the cylinder and are parallel to an imaginary line connecting the centres of 2 adjacent holes 6 mm from the cylindrical axis. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the bottom of the cylinder has a length of 1.6  ± 0.1 mm and its bottom edge s lie at a depth of 1.6  ± 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the top of the cylinder has a length of 9.4  ± 0.2 mm and its centre lies at a depth of 2.6  ± 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. All surfaces of the disc are smooth. If the use of discs is specified, add a disc to each tube and operate the apparatus as directed under Procedure. The discs conform to the dimensions. The use of automatic detection employing modified discs is permitted where the use of discs is specified or allowed. Such discs must comply with the requirements of density and dimension. PROCEDUREà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Place 1 dosage unit in each of the 6 tubes of the basket and, if prescribed, add a disc. Operate the apparatus using the specified medium, maintained at 37  ± 2  °C, as the immersion fluid. At the end of the specified time, lift the basket from the fluid and observe the dosage units: all of the dosage units have disintegrated completely. If 1 or 2 dosage units fail to disintegrate, repeat the test on 12 additional dosage units. The requirements of the test are met if not less than 16 of the 18 dosage units tested have disintegrated. EQUIPMENT Disintegrating Apparatus (Pharma Test) METHODà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Test 6 tablets or capsules either by using 2 basket-rack assemblies in parallel or by repeating the procedure. In each of the 3 tubes, place 1 tablet or capsule and, if prescribed, add a disc; suspend the assembly in the beaker containing the specified liquid. Operate the apparatus for the prescribed period, withdraw the assembly and examine the state of the tablets or capsules. To pass the test, all 6 of the tablets or capsules must have disintegrated. LIMITS All tablets must disintegrate completely, if one or two tablets fails to disintegrate, the test is to be repeated using 12 tablets. Out of the 18 tablets then tested,16 must have disintegrated within the given period of time .The condition of the test are varied somewhat for coated tablets,buccal tablets and sublingual tablets. Disintegration time are included in the individual tablet monograph. For most uncoated tablets the period is less than 15 minutes although the time for some uncoated tablets varied greatly from this. WEIGHT VARIATION Most pharmacopoeias include a simple weight test on a specified number of tablet(N) which are weight individually and the arithmetic mean weight calculated.Limitations on the number of test tablets that may lie outside certain limits are than specified.However,in the USP the results of the assay are used to convert these weights into active ingredients content. EQUIPMENTS Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) METHOD Twenty tablets of every samples were taken randomly and eight individually, and then average weight was determined. LIMITS According to USP not more than two of the tablets must not differ by more than the percentage listed below, no tablet differs by more than double that percentage. Tablets that are coated are exempt from these requirements but most conform to the test for content uniformity if it is applicable. The USP has provided tolerance for the average weight of uncoated compressed tablets. These are applicable when the tablets contain 50mg or more of the drug substances or when the matter comprises 50% or more, by weight, of the dosage form. Average Weight %age Difference 130mg or less 10 â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾130mg to 324 mg 7.5 More than 324mg 5 ASSAY: AMLODIPINE BESYLATE REAGENTS 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide in Methanol Dimethyl formamide (DMF) STANDARD SOLUTION 50mcg/ml of Amlodipine Besylate in DMF. SAMPLESOLUTION Extract appropriate quantity of powdered sample with DMF to get concentration of 50mcg/ml. PROEDURE To 2ml each of sample and standard solution, add 0.2ml of Sodium hydroxide solution and dilute to 10ml with DMF and measure the absorption of orange chromatogen at 450nm against reagent blank. Calculate the contents of amlodipine by comparison.(237) AMLODIPINE BESYLATE The tablets comply with the requirment stated under tablet and with the following requirment. CONTENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE C20H25ClN2O5,C6H6O3S 97.0% to 102.0% (Anhydrous substance) CHEMICALS Sodium hydroxide pellets Methanol N-N Dimethyl Formamide EQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARES Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC ) Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England) Volumetric Flask (10ml,Pyrex England) Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England) Pipettes (2ml Pyrex England) Conical Flasks (Pyrex England) Beaker (Pyrex England) Filter paper (Whatman #42) METHOD Weigh and powder 20tablets of amlodipine Besylate 5mg (DC). Take quantity of the powder containing 5mg of amlodipine Besylate (average weight) in a 100ml volumetric flask and add N-N Dimethyl Formamide into it and mix thoroughly with the help of magnetic stirrer and then make up the volume up to 100ml.Then take 2ml from first dilution into a 10ml volumetric flask, add 0.2l of 0.1N Sodium hydroxide solution in 10ml volumetric flask then make up volume with N-N Dimethyl Formamide.Then take the absorbance at 450nm on spectrophotometer and calculate the content of amlodipine Besylate. CALCULATION (AMLODIPINE BESYLATE mgtablet) % ASSAY = Abs of sp X__ 100 Abs of STD UNIFORMITY OF CONTENT The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the assay of the individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine whether the individual contents are within limits set with reference to the average content of the sample. Tablets containing highly potent medicaments present in milligram or microgram does may be subject to a large inter tablet variation. This may be due to failure to achieve a homogenous mix of active ingredient and exciient during manufacture. The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations and in other justified and authorized circumstances. Methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Using a suitable analytical method determines the individual contents of active substance(s) of 10 dosage units taken at random. Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the monograph for the dosage form in question. Test A Tablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injection Test B Capsules, powders other than for parenteral use, granules, suppositories, pessaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Test C Transdermal patches Test A Tablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The preparation complies with the test if each individual content is between 85 per cent and 115 per cent of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent of the average content. If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 percent to 115 percent but within the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent, determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units taken at random. The preparation complies with the test if not more than one of the individual contents of the 30 units is outside 85 percent to 115 percent of the average content and none is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 per cent of the average content. CONTENT UNIFORMITY C.U = Abs of Sample X wt of std X 100 X 100 Abs of STD X 100 X LC * LC =Label claim DISSOLUTION This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements for solid dosage forms administered orally. Apparatus 1 (Basket apparatus)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ the assembly consists of the following: a vessel, which may be covered, made of glass or other inert, transparent material a motor; a drive shaft; and a cylindrical basket (stirring element). The vessel is partially immersed in a suitable water-bath of any convenient size or heated by a suitable device such as a heating jacket. The water-bath or heating device permits maintaining the temperature inside the vessel at 37  ± 0.5  °C during the test and keeping the dissolution medium in constant, smooth motion. No part of the assembly, including the environment in which the assembly is placed, contributes significant motion, agitation, or vibration beyond that due to the smoothly rotating stirring element. Apparatus that permits observation of the preparation and stirring element during the test is preferable. The vessel is cylindrical, with a hemispherical bottom and a capacity of 1 litre. Its height is 160-210 mm and its inside diamete r is 98-106 mm. Its sides are flanged at the top. A fitted cover may be used to retard evaporation.2 The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm at any point from the vertical axis of the vessel and rotates smoothly and without significant wobble that could affect the results. A speed-regulating device is used that allows the shaft rotation speed to be selected and maintained at a specified rate, within  ± 4 per cent. Shaft and basket components of the stirring element are fabricated of stainless steel, type 316 or equivalent, to the specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-1. A basket having a gold coating of about 2.5  µm (0.0001 inch) thick may be used. The dosage unit is placed in a dry basket at the beginning of each test. The distance between the inside bottom of the vessel and the bottom of the basket is maintained at 25  ± 2 mm during the test. Apparatus 2 (Paddle apparatus)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Use the assembly from Apparatus 1, except that a paddle formed from a blade and a shaft is used as the stirring element. The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm from the vertical axis of the vessel, at any point, and rotates smoothly without significant wobble that could affect the results. The vertical center line of the blade passes through the axis of the shaft so that the bottom of the blade is flush with the bottom of the shaft. The paddle conforms to the specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-2. The distance of 25  ± 2 mm between the bottom of the blade and the inside bottom of the vessel is maintained during the test. The metallic or suitably inert, rigid blade and shaft comprise a single entity. A suitable two-part detachable design may be used provided the assembly remains firmly engaged during the test. The paddle blade and shaft may be coated with a suitable coating so as to make them inert. The dosage unit is allowed to sink to the bottom of the vessel before rotation of the blade is started. A small, loose piece of non-reactive material, such as not more than a few turns of wire helix, may be attached to dosage units that would otherwise float. An alternative sinker device is shown in Figure 2.9.3.-3. Other validated sinker devices may be used. DISSOLUTION MEDIUMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ 1.2 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED Htdrochloric Acid (Merck grade) Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 0.1N HCl was used as 1.2pH buffer media. 4.5 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (Merck,Germany) Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 6.8gm of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate in1000ml DI water and adjust pH with Phosphoric acid. 6.8 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED 0.2M Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate 0.1M Sodium hydroxide Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 0.2M KH2PO4 13.61gm of Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate in 500ml DI water. 0.1MNaOH 4gm in 500ml DI water. 6.8pH Buffer 250ml of 0.2M KH2PO4 and 112ml of 0.1MNaOH to make 1000ml with DI water. CALCULATION % age drug release = Abs of sp X100 Abs of STD SAMPLING SCHEDULE Sample were drawn at 5min then After 10min After 15min After 20min After 30min After 45min After 60min After 120min EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS Usual experimental conditions are e.g.: Apparatus: paddle/basket â‚ ¬Ã‚  Volume of dissolution medium: 900 ml â‚ ¬Ã‚  Temperature of the dissolution medium: 37  °C ±1 °C â‚ ¬Ã‚  Agitation: paddle apparatus usually 50 rpm, basket apparatus usually 100 rpm â‚ ¬Ã‚  Sampling schedule: e.g.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min â‚ ¬Ã‚  Buffer: pH 1.2 (0.1 N HCl or SGF without enzymes), pH 4.5, and pH 6.8 (or SIF withoutenzymes); (pH should be ensured throughout the experiment; Ph.Eur. buffers recommended) CHEMICALS Buffer 1.2 pH (0.1N HCl) Buffer 4.5 pH Buffer 6.8 pH EQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARES Dissolution paddle apparatus Distillation plant Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC ) Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England) Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England) Pipettes graduated(2ml Pyrex England) Conical Flasks (Pyrex England) Beaker (Pyrex England) Filter paper (Whatman #42) PREPARATION OF STANDERD Accurately weight the standard and poured it into 100ml volumetric flask. The volume was made with the respective buffer and mixed,the stock solution was obtained. Then pippet out 1.1ml from the stock solution into another volumetric flask again made the volume with the respective buffer solution .Mixed it properly by shaking that was the first dilution and the required strength of standard was achieved to analyse. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE Placed the tablets of each brand into the vessel of paddle dissolutionhaving 900ml of resoective dissolution media. Switch on the apparatus and collect the sample according to the respective sampling interval that is 5min, 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 45min, 60min, and 120min. Every time the withdrawn media was replaced by the freh media.

Spinning a Treacherous Web in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Spinning a Treacherous Web in Othello Like every Shakespearean tragedy there is often an untimely doom that ends the life of the "hero" or main character of the play. The main character’s doom only becomes the outcome when they are unable to better the wrongs they or others had committed. However, in this Shakespearean tragedy the person who drives the participants of this play to their doom, isn’t the main character Othello, but Iago, the motiveless character whose jealousy and rage drives him to commit crimes towards the people who believed him and considered him a trusting friend. Iago understood human characteristics, which allowed him to get to the root of people's problems. In Othello he saw innocence, and love; in Desdemona he saw purity and kindness; and in Cassio he saw a perfectionist. Iago lacked all of these features and so in order to end the happiness of all the characters, he decided to hit them where it hurt the most. In doing so he used Desdemona as a tool, because she was the object of everyone's desire. Iago is a spider-like creature who in order to quench his hunger, entangles all of these characters into his skillfully crafted web that slowly and unknowingly drives them to their doom. To better understand Iago’s effect on these different characters, it is important to look in to his own character. Iago’s motives are not clear, however, it is true that he despises Othello, and that he is jealous of the fact that Michael Cassio had taken over the role of lieutenant; a role that Iago wanted very badly. It is in the beginning of the play that Iago confesses to follow Othello but not be loyal to him, I follow him to serve my turn upon him†¦ Were I the Moor I would not be Iago. In following him, I follow but myself- Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, But seeming so for my peculiar end. For when my outward action doth demonstrate The native act and figure of my heart In compliment extern, ‘tis not long after But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at. I am not what I am. (1.1 43-67) Iago is without any apparent feelings or remorse towards any of the other characters.

Your Shoes

Mum, why complain at something that you have caused yourself. Causing this by wanting me to be how your perfect child would be. Well, sorry to say, I am not what you want me to be. You have been paying attention to yourself so much over the years you have actually forgotten what I am, brushing aside all the bad things I have done, making excuses for me. I am alright. Living how I want things to be, to do what I want, when I want. This is life, a life that does not consider you in it at all. I can be myself, without being criticised. Having what I want, instead of someone making choices for me. In actual fact it reminds me of the time you brought me those awful curtains, they just symbolise to me, what you like, I hated them, and the colours, the style I just see your face on them thinking yes these are perfect for me. Yes not me, you, perfect for you. Just think to yourself that we do not have the same tastes in life. You just want to have everything going right. So you can make the family look good. So that whenever anybody comes round, they can comment on how, â€Å"you are the perfect family†. To make people jealous of what you want us to have, but we have not got it. You just want the family with a hard working father with a good job and income, Perfect mother with a good job and who keeps the house tidy and brings up the children to be well behaved and good mannered. With a child who does well at school, always polite and stays out of trouble, you would love that. You have got the father and the mother the child is a bit different, it is me and I am who I am, I do not put a happy face on just cause you want me to and I will express me feelings how I want to. I am feeding myself alright I have a job and people are treating me with respect where I am now, like an adult, how people should be at my age. I feel responsible now, like I have a meaning in life. I am not into prostitution, and I can not believe you even fought that I would consider that path. Guess you just do not know me that well. I have got new friends now so I hope you are happy, what you have made me do, I have changed my lifestyle around. I am independent now, and happy if you saw me you would be proud but I do not want to see you, you just hurt me with thinking I am a failure all the time. Thinking I can not do anything and making me feel my life was worthless? I smoked pot mum because you drove me to it, I was depressed and needed something to take my mind of things. Depressed to know every time I go home I have to act like somebody you want me to be. I have now turned my mind to different things now. I prefer happier things now like socialising without having to get drunk and making a fool out of myself. I prefer my own space, with people that like the things I do. I share a flat now with a girl a few years older than me and she is helping me out, and introducing me to her friends, which are all lovely genuine people. The time father called me a slut was it, I know he may have been upset to find his daughter with condoms in her bag, but mum I had them to protect me, so I couldn't get pregnant or get diseases, a step that only people that have matured would do, calling me a slut though he does not even know hat he is talking about I have only ever had sex with one person, not like I am going round sleeping with anybody. The person I had sex with as well was my boyfriend of six months, we had something special but I stopped the relationship to move on in life to get away from the misery of living life with you. You just take the pain out on me because you think I am going to be like my grandmother, because that she liked me better than her own daughter. She paid more attention to me than you. You can not bear to think it but it is true and your father only paid interest into you when he found out you had a brain. I am thinking it must have been hard for you but you do not need to take the anger out on me, making me into the person that you just wanted to be when you was in your childhood. All the parties mum is what a normal teenager does and get drunk because then they start to grow up more and realise this is not the life for me and change. It's a thing that everybody does at some stage in there life. Some would think that you act like a teenager jealous of everything that is better than you. I have realised all these parties aren't what I want to do I am now going to do a college course and study business studies. This is because I want to do something with my life and make a hit out of it so, if we meet again you and dad can be proud of what I have done. Then if we meet that day you will see I am different to you, I have different ambitions. I like other things than having a simple life, like you. I want to be someone, and stand up and be counted for I want not just sit back and think, things are going to be alright all the time because nothing will ever be perfect.

What Is AP Research Should You Take It

What Is AP Research Should You Take It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Research is a class introduced by the College Board as a part of its new AP Capstone program. But what does it really involve? How can you do well? In this article, I'll provide an overview of AP Research and give you some more information about whether you should take it and how you can be successful in the class. What Is AP Research? AP Research is the second course that students take in the AP Capstone program. It comes after AP Seminar.If you take AP Seminar and AP Research, you will earn an AP Research and Seminar Certificate, and if you take both classes in addition to four other AP courses and exams, you will earn an AP Capstone Diploma. This program is very new (the College Board rolled out the full version in the fall of 2014), but you will most likely benefit from it in the college application process when schools see the types of advanced assignments you've completed in these research-focusedclasses. In AP Research, students are encouraged to explore a topic or problem that interests them and design, plan, and conduct a year-long research project centered around it.The classrepresents the culmination of skills that students learn in AP Seminar, which include effectively analyzing sources, formulating coherent arguments backed up by evidence, and examining issues from differing points of view.Smaller research projects in AP Seminar will prepare you for the large-scale research project you will undertake in AP Research. Doing a long-term research project is a lot like scaling the craggy peak of a snowy mountain if you substitute physical discomfort for mental discomfort, but it's also just as rewarding in the end! What Exactly Will You Do in AP Research? AP Research consists entirely of a year-long research project.The end product is a 4000-5000 word academic paper and a 15-20 minute presentation with an oral defense.You will also be expected to compile the materials you used in your research into a portfolio.This piece of workis similar to a thesis project, so it’s good preparation for college academics. Topics for the research project are usually relatively open, but arguments for and against solutions to major problems in society tend to be the main focus. For example, you might investigate whether the government should invest more resources in finding and supporting sustainable energy sources. In your academic paper, you will be expected to: Introduce and contextualize your research question and your initial thoughts and hypotheses about it.In the case of my example, the research question might be "Should the government devote more resources to sustainable energy projects?" You would reflect on the question briefly here and share your initial uninformed opinions before diving into any research. Review previous ideas and works on the subject and their arguments and perspectives.This is where you would address arguments for and against the adoption of policies to promote the use of sustainable energy. This section lays the groundwork for your arguments in later sections of the paper. Explain your research method and why you approached the question this way.Here, you would discuss how you went about compiling sources for your research and how you collected the information. This lends credibility to your argument in the next section. Present your findings and interpret their significance in connection to your research question.In this section, you would lay out your argument based on the evidence you discovered through your research. In the example, your argument might be that we should devote more resources to sustainable energy projects because the long term consequences of continuing to use non-renewable energy sources will be extremely dire. You could support this argument with research that you touched on in previous sections. Discuss the implications and limitations of your findings and reflect on the process. This is where you would talk about any qualifiers related to your argument in the previous section. If you can't be absolutely sure of a conclusion that you drew or there is some speculation involved, you would go over those potential limitations. You would also talk about what your findings mean in a larger context. Talk about potential next steps on the issue in view of these findings.Basically, this is the "so what?" section. This is where you would present your ideas for what practical steps the world might take based on your research. In the example, this could be something like providing better tax incentives for businesses that use renewable energy sources or rearranging money in the government's budget in a specific way so that more of it goes towards clean energy projects. Provide a complete bibliography.This is pretty self-explanatory. You'll need to cite all your sources correctly and make sure that they're trustworthy. After you turn in your paper, you will also deliver a 15-20 minute presentation to a panel of teachers in whatever format works best for your research. You'll be asked to give a defense of your findings after your presentation. Your AP Research teacher and two panel members chosen by your teacher will ask you three or four questions about your work, and you'll have to answer them based on your research. You'll be judged on the quality of your defense. If you make a weak argument, your teacher will bang a gavel on her desk and scream "OVER-RULED!" again and again until you come up with something better. Should You Take AP Research? First of all, you can only take AP Research if you take AP Seminar beforehand.Make sure you plan out your classes carefullyif you want to end up in this class! If you are looking to earn the AP Research and Seminar Certificate or the AP Capstone Diploma, you will need to take this class.Keep in mind that for the Capstone Diploma you’ll also need to take four more AP classes and exams. Some colleges will offer you credit for taking these classesor will allow you to place out of introductory courses that are required for other students.This can make things a little easier on you during your freshman year. You’ll also be better prepared for college academics if you take AP Research.You will already be familiar with the process of collecting research and using it to formulate an opinion on a topic. When you're assigned your first research paper, you’ll know exactly where to start. Aside from those benefits, AP Research can be a fun way to explore a topic that genuinely interests you. You'll have a ton of freedom when it comes to choosing your topic, so you can explore almost any idea that you find compelling. AP Research is a good choice for students who are looking for a way to enrich their high school experience with independent research and enroll in competitive college programs. Go, be free. Soar through the wide open sky of source material on your wings of intellectual inquiry. How Can You Do Well in AP Research? In AP Research, the most important rule for doing well is to avoid falling behind!Since your entire grade rests on one long-term project, you will need to make sure that you are diligent about staying on task throughout the year.It’s tempting to procrastinate when it seems like you have such a long time to complete the project, but you won’t get the most out of your research if you don’t spread out your work.You want to avoid turning in a sub-par project that you don’t believe in because you ran out of time. I would also suggest that you finish doing all of your research before you start writing any part of your paper. It's hard to write a cohesive argument when you're adding to it piece by piece as you go along. It's best to compile all the information you need first, figure out your argument based on the evidence, and then start structuring your paper around it. This might seem obvious, but sometimes with these types of projects it's tempting to start working on the part that you actually have to turn in before you've fully explored all the background information. In a related point, you should be flexible and accept that you may need to reframe your research question.You never know what dead ends you might hit or how you might need to change your project as you learn more about your topic.The best way to plan for these scenarios is to start your research early.The highest-quality projects will be those that adapt to new findings over time. You will have to defend your work, so you should be sure that you believe in the point of view that you’re selling and that it's backed up by solid evidence. Finally, you shouldchoose a research question that fascinates you. Working on a research project for a whole year can get tedious, and you don't want to be completely sick of your topic after a couple of months. Talk to your teacher about your interests so that you can work together to find a viable research question that will hold your focus. Choose a topic with a lot of depth, just like this insanely creepy stairwell. Conclusion AP Research is the second class in the AP Capstone program after AP Seminar. It's similar to an independent study class andconsists entirely of one year-long research project on a topic of your choice. You will write a research paper summarizing your findings and then give an oral presentation followed by a defense of your argument. AP Research can be a useful class for students who want to be well-prepared for college-level assignments. It's a great way to hone your skills in effectively conducting research and formulating arguments based on evidence. It also might be a nice break from your other classes because of the level of freedom it provides to students. It's an opportunity to learn more about nearly any topic or question that intrigues you! What's Next? Not sure if you can take AP Research at your school? Consult this article for a list of all the high schools that offer the AP Capstone program. You should also take at this article for a detailed guide to which AP classes you should take in general. If you're on the fence about AP classes in general, check out this article for more information on how AP classes and exams might benefit you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: